1. Qalqalah - a strong vibration heard during the pronunciation of some letters, which are: qaaf, Ta, ba, jeem, daal.
2. Rules of Ra - the ra is light if it has a kasrah or a sukoon and the letter before it has a kasrah, and it is heavy if it has a fathah or dhammah, or a sukoon and the letter before it has a fathah or dhammah.
3. Zero Sign - if it appears on a letter of madd, that letter is not read in stopping or joining. On an alif maddiyyah, stretch when stopping but not when joining.
4. Letters of Madd before a Sukoon - stretch if you stop, do not if you carry on.
5. Hamzatul-Wasl - it is read with a fathah in 'alif laam' meaning 'the',it is read with a dhammah if the third letter in the word has a dhammah,and it is read with a kasrah if the third letter has a fathah or kasrah,and it is not pronounced in the middle of a word.